Here’s the download page:
www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-teams/download-app
This downloads an .MSIX, which one can usually double-click effectively. The link appears to be nicely static at this writing:
statics.teams.cdn.office.net/production-windows-x64/enterprise/webview2/lkg/MSTeams-x64.msix
And some Powershell to do the download and the install:
cd $env:TEMP curl.exe -O "https://statics.teams.cdn.office.net/production-windows-x64/enterprise/webview2/lkg/MSTeams-x64.msix" Add-AppxPackage -Path '.\MSTeams-x64.msix' # placeholder for Enter